The 2 traits of intelligence American psychologist says people overlook the most

Think about what a "smart person" looks like in your head. Probably articulate. Composed. Someone who always has the right answer and never says anything they'd regret. We've been handed this image so many times, through school, through films, through every LinkedIn post about high performers, that it's become the default.


But psychology keeps quietly dismantling it.


Psychologist Mark Travers, writing in Psychology Today, points to two behaviours that people routinely dismiss or actively judge as signs of low intelligence. Turns out, research suggests the opposite might be true. And once you hear the reasoning, it's hard to unsee.

Talking to yourself

Most people who mutter to themselves in public are aware of the looks they get. It reads as distracted, forgetful, a little odd. We've all probably caught ourselves doing it and felt mildly embarrassed.


Psychologists Gary Lupyan and Daniel Swingley, as per the article, ran a study in 2012 that changes how you think about this. They gave participants a visual search task to find a specific object among a group of images and split them into two groups. One group spoke the target's name aloud while searching. The other stayed silent. The group that talked found their target significantly faster, consistently, across trials.


Lupyan and Swingley described this as the label feedback hypothesis: verbal labels don't just describe the world, they actively shape how we perceive it. When you say a word out loud, you engage your language production system and your auditory processing system at the same time. The spoken word becomes a perceptual cue that tunes attention and primes the brain for what it's looking for.


So that person muttering "keys, keys, keys" while ransacking their bag? Their brain is actually being quite efficient about it. Self-talk isn't a symptom of disorganisation. It's a tool. And it turns out athletes, surgeons, and chess players use versions of it all the time, they just don't get judged for it the same way.


A 2023 review went further, finding that self-talk plays a role in emotional regulation, planning, task-switching, and higher-order thinking. Which is a fairly long list for something society has spent decades treating as mildly embarrassing.

Swearing

This one's harder to sell. The assumption about swearing is so baked in that it's the verbal shortcut of people who can't find better words that most of us absorb without questioning it. It feels intuitively right. It's also probably wrong.


Travers cites the work of researchers Kristin and Timothy Jay who studied verbal fluency and found that people who could generate more taboo words also tended to have broader general vocabulary knowledge. The ability to swear well, if you want to put it that way, tracked with language skill not against it.


The reason makes sense when you think about how swear words actually work. They're not filler. They carry emotional weight, social context, and a kind of precision that polished language sometimes can't match. Knowing when to deploy one and which one requires reading a room, understanding register, and having enough command of language to know what ordinary words can and can't do. That's not a poverty of vocabulary. That's fluency.


None of this means constant swearing is a sign of genius. But the old idea that swearing reveals a limited mind? The data doesn't support it. What's interesting is that even when people are shown evidence to the contrary, the stereotype holds. Studies have found that people who swear are still judged as less intelligent and less trustworthy, which says more about the persistence of assumptions than it does about the people being judged.


Why we keep getting intelligence wrong
The problem is a narrow definition that refuses to loosen its grip. We still reach for the same visible markers: academic credentials, quick answers, polished communication, professional achievement. And while those things can reflect intelligence, they're far from the whole picture.


Cognitive ability shows up in problem-solving, memory, adaptability, emotional regulation, and the way a person processes and organises information. Some of the most capable thinkers are messy communicators. Some of the most articulate people in any room are coasting on presentation rather than depth.


Intelligence, as psychology keeps demonstrating, doesn't always look the way we expect. Sometimes it sounds like someone talking to themselves in a supermarket aisle. Sometimes it sounds like a well-timed expletive. And the fact that we're still surprised by that probably says something about us, too.